ITS ePrimer
Module 6: Freight and Commercial Vehicle ITS
Authored by Kenneth F. Troup, Transportation Consultant, Bolton, MA, USA.
Table of Contents
1. Purpose
The purpose of this module is to illustrate and explain major intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications related to commercial freight truck operations, including highway and intermodal interfaces of air, ocean, or rail intermodal freight. This module also shows how these technology applications deliver operating efficiencies, customer service quality improvements, and better safety. Readers should gain an understanding of what has been tried and proven and, in many cases, what the outcomes of those trials, pilots, and deployments have been. This module should give both students and practitioners a better understanding of how current and emerging ITS technologies have been and can be used to improve freight transportation.
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2. Objectives
This module explores the inter-relationships between the private and public sectors in freight transportation. The five objectives are presented to accomplish the following:
- Provide an overview of supply chain and motor carrier freight operations
- Describe public, private, and public-private examples of ITS and next generation technology freight applications
- Describe the types of freight ITS benefits delivered to different stakeholders including urban delivery and parking issues and technologies
- Describe recent freight automation advancements, future growth, and challenges
- Identify resources for increased understanding of ITS freight applications
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3. Introduction
ITS applications for intermodal freight and commercial vehicle operations sit at the intersection of commercial interests, economic productivity, public safety, and security. They cover goods movement by all surface modes, including their interfaces with air- and water-based modes. This module highlights public and private sector ITS applications used in commercial motor vehicles and shippers, consignees, and government entities with which they work.
Efficient transportation of domestic and international freight (shipments of raw materials and intermediate and finished goods) is vital to the U.S. and world economies. The global pandemic in 2020-21 emphasized the importance of efficient supply chain management. ITS is critically important for order processing, delivery scheduling, and freight asset management so that goods can be in the hands of consumers when needed. E-commerce, which had been spearheaded by leading online retailers with their free and same day shipping, increased substantially during the pandemic when many retailers were closed, or consumers found it easier and safer to order online. This module provides an overview of the technologies that support logistics, supply chains, and other freight operations business models. The emphasis here is on the use of ITS technologies in commercial freight transportation on roadways from shippers to final destinations. Readers may look to Module 151 for insights into ITS applications in ocean port and terminal operations, including Port Community Systems which provide trucks with information regarding chassis and empty container availability.
ITS and emerging technologies help the freight transportation system operate more intelligently to improve the efficiency and reliability of cargo delivery. Equally important, they do so in ways that improve safety, whether related to hazardous materials transport, heavy truck maintenance, or load-limit compliance. Safety improvements affect not only freight truck operators, other drivers, and the public with whom the freight vehicles interact in the transportation system, but also property (including cargo being carried and the structures and equipment along transportation corridors). Efficiency, reliability, return on investment to freight transportation companies, and opportunities to enhance safety for operators and cargo are driving forces behind the adoption of new technologies in the supply chain.
A number of Federal agencies have interests in freight transportation. United States Department Transportation (USDOT) agencies that interact with the freight sector include the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) the Maritime Administration (MARAD), the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and its Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) play important roles in freight security and international trade.
While all of the above agencies have an interest in freight information technologies, FHWA, FMCSA, and ITS Joint Program Office (JPO) have worked collaboratively with private industry to identify technologies that meet common goals and then have supported ITS field tests and evaluations. FHWA has an Office of Freight Management and Operations and FMCSA has an Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology; with ITS JPO they sponsor or administer freight technology research and demonstrations that are discussed in more detail in this module.
Introduction to the Research and Technology Sections. Topical sections drill down from supply chain management through the technologies used to manage it and the motor carriers that carry and deliver much of the freight. As an aid to the reader, the following provides a brief synopsis of each of the detailed sections of the module. Each contains a link to the text of the appropriate section. This allows readers to quickly move to areas of interest within the module.
Supply Chain Management - the use of ITS technologies in the supply chain including e-commerce, first mile/last mile, freight data, and freight performance monitoring.
Freight Technology - technologies used in freight management including in-transit visibility, freight documentation, electronic logging devices, and carrier management.
Motor Carrier Technologies - technologies used by motor carriers for managing their operations, improving efficiency and safety through truck automation, advanced safety systems, route optimization systems, and truck parking.
Industry/Government Interactions - these interactions include hours of service and inspection requirements, state freight plans, truck parking, as well as cooperative industry/government automation programs such as the FMCSA-sponsored Tech-Celerate Now.
USDOT Freight ITS Program Support - an overview of USDOT efforts including freight information and data sharing and automation pilot deployments with Federal grant funding.
Benefits of Freight ITS - general discussion of benefits to industry, government, and society with specific examples of ITS benefits.
Future Freight ITS - an overview of technologies being considered or emerging, but not yet in wide use in industry.
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4. Supply Chain Management
This section provides an overview of supply chain operations including shipper needs and first mile - last mile, and the role of commercial vehicles.
4.1 Freight roles and relationships.
The essential players in freight transportation are the shipper, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee. Shippers tend to be manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers. They originate freight shipments that vary in value, in number of shipments, or in size of shipments. Timeliness, accuracy, and completeness of shipment delivery are usually crucial to the success of their businesses, even more so with increases in e-commerce. Shippers buy carriers’ services. Carriers perform transportation operations and sell transportation services. Carriers (such as truck fleets) may be large firms or individual owner/operators that provide for-hire services. Private fleets are part of larger businesses that ship or receive cargo.
To provide better supply chain service and to find business niches, some supply chain functions between the shipper and the consignee have been integrated by firms known as third party logistics companies or 3PLs. This may involve warehousing, fulfillment centers, or arranging for transportation carriers. This outsourcing of logistics services helps the supply chain and 3PLs also implement ITS technologies to help them provide their services. More information about 3PLs is available in magazines such as Inbound Logistics and DC Velocity.
Consignees receive shipped items. As with shippers, consignees may be manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers; shippers and consignees may even be parts of the same firm. Consignees can be the ultimate consumers of the goods being shipped and, particularly with the growth of e-commerce, a major interest area has developed with last mile delivery issues and strategies. These last mile technologies have different constraints and applications because the last mile is usually in congested urban or outlying metropolitan areas. Figure 1 shows a pictorial representation of a supply chain. Note that the trucks play roles between two players.
Figure 1. Supply Chain with Stakeholder. Source: Icograms.com
Shippers, carriers, and consignees are critically interested in the quality (i.e., accuracy, timeliness, and completeness) and accessibility of information about shipments and transportation operations and how they use technology to process, share, and use the information. With continued improvements and advances in ITS and online applications, the information associated with freight movement is as important as the cargo. The information is valuable in at least two contexts: first, in terms of supply chain management (with respect to physical distribution, customer satisfaction, and cash flows); and second, the broader use of ITS and traffic information, because of the connection between the movements of goods and the efficiency and broader impacts of congestion on transportation networks.
A key source of information about current and future supply chain trends is the 32nd Annual State of Logistics Report produced currently by Kearney for the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP). (https://cscmp.org/CSCMP/Research/Reports_and_Surveys/State_of_Logistics_Report/CSCMP/Educate/State_of_Logistics_Report.aspx?hkey=cc8f19e1-1e5f-4144-8b32-15a83d821e4a2. Membership in CSCMP is needed to obtain the full report for free.)
4.2 Growth of e-commerce.
With the increases in online retail customer ordering and e-commerce, omni channels and supply chains have become more complex, demanding even greater speed and service reliability. The trend has been for smaller, more frequent shipments and a shift toward parcel shipping away from traditional, less-than-truckload (LTL) or larger shipments (although LTL continues to grow, it is at a slower rate), a shift that accelerated during the pandemic. In addition, timeliness of shipments has become more important, building in part on the popularity of free shipping and then even same day shipping by e-commerce firms. Shipper and carrier transportation management systems (TMS) evolved to support parcel shipping, a departure from earlier truckload (TL), and LTL focus.
Globalization of sourcing and assembly required more automated capabilities to handle more complex international shipments. Another important trend in supply chain management has been the significant complexity in supply chains for e-commerce leading to more and smaller shipments, many via the large international parcel services, with an increased emphasis on timeliness of delivery. That became particularly important during the pandemic when consumers were forced to stay home and ordered substantially more items to keep their households functioning. Additional background on e-commerce for sellers of goods for shipping by parcel carriers can be found at https://sell.amazon.in/seller-blog/advantages-of-ecommerce3.
It is worth noting that the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) plays a significant role in e-commerce, particularly for small parcels under 2 pounds and for deliveries to rural areas where commercial e-commerce deliveries have higher rates. USPS also plays a role in final delivery in conjunction with some commercial e-commerce carriers. More information about the commercial-USPS interactions in e-commerce can be found at https://ecommerce-platforms.com/articles/ups-vs-usps-which-is-better-for-your-ecommerce-store.4
According to the 2021 E-Commerce Consumer Survey5 released by 3PL Kenco Logistics in July 2021, e-commerce purchases, some of which were picked up in-store, in 2020 grew by 33 percent to $792 billion, representing 14 percent of all retail sales. Figure 2 shows e-commerce growth trends since 2000.
Figure 2. E-Commerce Retail Sales. Source: Kenneth Troup with Census Data.
The aforementioned consumer survey found that although free and next day shipping became very popular, 49 percent in the survey said they would prefer 2-day service if the reliability of the promised delivery could be improved. 84 percent say they will continue at e-commerce levels post-pandemic.
To gain a wider perspective on the shippers involved in e-commerce, readers are referred to a white paper by an e-commerce ITS provider at https://vargosolutions.com/news-resources/white-papers/emerging-trends-in-e-commerce-fulfillment/6. In its paper, Vargo notes that more and smaller e-commerce fulfillment centers were needed to meet consumer demand and delivery requirements and that some fulfillment centers had to take on more of the work previously handled by parcel carriers including sorting packages for ZIP code zones for regional carriers to transport packages to local markets. This involved implementing technology that can sort packages by size, weight, and ZIP code zone. Further, some shipper TMSs have the capability to account for the cost and open capacity of the parcel carriers when making the carrier decision.
4.3 First and last mile pick-up and delivery.
As noted earlier, there has been an increased demand for last mile delivery because of e-commerce, and that was exacerbated by the pandemic. The last mile issue has become larger than just urban-focused as more and more parcels are delivered directly to consumers, sometimes as a regular part of USPS mail delivery and through metropolitan and suburban areas. Delivery trucks are impacted by urban traffic congestion that threatens the timeliness of delivery and also by the need for parcel delivery in high rise condominiums or apartment buildings, some of which may be located on narrow city streets that already lack sufficient parking. Further, rural deliveries have increased as well, often at higher rates for the parcel carriers. Some of the commercial carriers work with USPS which completes some rural deliveries.
The University of Washington is an example of university research underway in last mile delivery. They looked at carrier locker systems7 that may be accessed by any retailer, carrier, and purchaser. This is in contrast to another solution that has been implemented in some cities by some e-commerce companies such as Amazon or Walmart to have their own lockers. Whether company-specific or common, such lockers concentrate delivery and significantly decrease the time it takes for a carrier to service a high-rise building, as much as 73 percent in the Seattle study. Some e-commerce carriers might also have store front delivery points where consumers can pick up their parcels. These sometimes include lockers set up in larger establishments. In a similar effort, the University of Washington conducted a pilot in downtown Seattle for a Microhub or central drop-off/pick up location for parcel delivery. See https://depts.washington.edu/sctlctr/research8 for more information.
Source: Kenneth Troup
There has been considerable research into ways to improve last mile delivery and to address truck parking. Some of these efforts have included the potential use of cellphone apps and ITS technologies to manage the curbside, including reservations that help to reduce traffic congestion. Some of this is covered in more detail in later sections of the module. More is described at https://depts.washington.edu/sctlctr/news-events/announcements/new-parking-app9
4.4 Importance of freight data to the supply chain.
Information about what is moving is often as important as the freight itself. Historically, freight transportation paperwork was notoriously late, incomplete, and inaccurate; an old industry saying was, “The cargo moves despite the paperwork, not because of it.” In the 1960s and ’70s, the railroad and trucking industries pioneered efforts to automate freight information flow. They implemented systems within their companies to help manage the flow of freight data. They also worked with their customers toward automating business transactions including ordering of transportation, billing information, visibility of shipments, and automated payment of bills. The railroads introduced
Car Location Messages so that railroad interchange partners, as well as shippers and receivers, could know the status and whereabouts of shipments. Industry leaders promoted freight data standards such as electronic data interchange (EDI) for domestic and international shipments. For more discussion of the current relationship between EDI standards for data transfer and computer or cloud based application programming interfaces, see this blog https://www.cleo.com/blog/edi-vs-api10.
With the widespread use of the Internet, carriers began implementing websites that their customers could use to book a carrier and to check on the status of shipments. Parcel delivery firms such as United Parcel Service (UPS) and Federal Express (FedEx) became legendary for their automated freight data and their ability to provide an individual customer with precise information about the status of a shipment.
Shippers, consignees, and logistics service providers have made important and substantial improvements in supply chain data quality and accessibility. Source data automation often meant that transactions—such as a terminal gate entry—could generate status messages. Shipment visibility improved with transaction and status data available on carrier websites or, increasingly, Internet data links. Delays or unexpected changes in shipment plans could trigger alerts for supply chain partners. This became more important than ever during the pandemic which provided countless operational and coordination challenges to suppliers as well as carriers. More sophisticated data analytics have enabled firms and their partners to better plan shipment routing and scheduling and to manage uncertainty. Company websites and cell phone apps have become commonplace and indispensable. There is more discussion of freight data and its use in government and industry in section 7.5.
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5. Freight Technology
This section provides a high-level overview of applications of current and next generation technology in each part of freight management. Some of the technologies were alluded to in the discussion in the previous section. The current section discusses ITS technologies used in freight including in transit visibility, freight documentation, electronic logging devices, and carrier management. The overview here is focused primarily on what the freight industry shippers and carriers need. The 32nd Annual State of Logistics Report cited in the previous section noted that the pandemic accelerated interest in technology that improves visibility and automation of freight movements. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) prepared a series of reports under the banner of “Texas Freight Network Technology and Operations Plan” which addressed Texas’ state freight plan requirement from the Federal Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act. One report in particular titled “State of the Practice Assessment Report” includes freight ITS and related efforts in other states, regions, and cities in the United States and in some cases Europe. Readers are encouraged to look at this and the other TxDOT reports for an excellent snapshot of freight technology (https://ftp.txdot.gov/pub/txdot/tpp/freight-planning/fntop/state-of-the-practice.pdf)11. Later sections of this module discuss some of the government interests and involvement in freight technology, which are also very well-covered in the TxDOT series. Additionally, ePrimer Module 151 has a very useful and detailed table of technologies used in ports, including the motor carriers who service them. Rather than repeat that table here, the section will highlight some of the motor carriers use of technologies noted in that table.
5.1 Supply chain planning.
Many shippers use ITS technologies in the form of TMSs for trip planning and routing, carrier selection, freight documentation, and maintaining contact with their carriers who frequently track shipments. There are many vendors of supply chain management technologies that can help with distribution, scheduling, and TMSs. Communicating with carriers, suppliers, and customers is key, and over time, most of the planning functions in larger supply chain partners have gone online to eliminate paperwork and improve supply chain efficiency and security.
5.2 In transit visibility.
ITS, when used in an integrated fashion and connected, provides shipper-carrier information about the freight. Global Positioning System (GPS)-based systems and the use of RFID and sensors on vehicles (tractors and trailers) help provide the foundation for maintaining in-transit visibility. GPS is a valuable tool for many ITS and other transportation-related applications.
GPS is a tool that uses a network of special-purpose satellites that provide signals used by GPS receivers or transponders to calculate their geographic location. GPS receivers use the signals from multiple satellites to calculate their latitude and longitude to precise degrees. Other systems use the location data and may include it in one or two-way communication systems. Most fleet management systems depend heavily on GPS inputs, but GPS itself is not a communication system. The visibility data is shared with customers and is an important shipper-carrier collaboration point. Companies such as Tive and project44 provide online, in-transit visibility platforms. A recent survey12 by Tive and FreightWaves shows that only 37 percent of responding shippers use visibility solutions.
5.3 Electronic Logging Devices (ELD).
ELDs are used to record truck driving time and were mandated in December 2017 by FMCSA in response to Congress’s Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) requirements. ELDs capture engine data, location, speed, and miles driven. Trucks made before the year 2000 are exempt. The reporting can be done with a cell phone. FMCSA requires ELD for Record of Duty Status and Hours of Service. There is more discussion of ELDs in Section 7. While some carriers and drivers have found ELDs to be intrusive, others have found them helpful in accurately capturing data that used to require manually-prepared logs and in normalizing driver work schedules and hours. (https://www.fleetowner.com/technology/article/21701619/7-truck-technologies-you-need-and-why.13)
5.4 Freight documentation.
Freight documentation involves paperless technology transfer and recordkeeping by all parties in the supply chain, where the goal is to enter data once and have it transmitted from supply chain partner to supply chain partner. EDI helped eliminate paper and, as discussed later related to customs documents, played an important role in standardizing shipping documents and invoices to facilitate online transfers. Web-based status information, bills of lading, shipment lists, and invoices are important documentation that uses freight technology.
5.5 Carrier management.
Career management involves fleet management technologies, truck communications, and data. Shippers need to communicate with their carriers about the timing and size of loads so that they can coordinate loading times and delivery requirements.
Expertise and time for implementing new solutions is likely to remain a primary challenge for adopters of new technologies, but it may wane once the industry has ascended the learning curve. If there’s any silver lining to the events of the past year and a half, it’s that the industry has made strides adapting to new processes, rapidly streamlining supply chain management in what many believe to be years ahead of projected rates of adoption.
Conclusion from a white paper titled “What Does It Mean To Optimize A Supply Chain?”
By Freight Waves and Locus September 2021.
Carriers use similar technologies to manage their individual trucks, perform load matching in efforts to reduce empty mileage and allow more efficient backhauls, and provide updated location and delivery status information back to the shipper.
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6. Motor Carrier Technologies
This section provides an overview of technologies used by motor carriers for managing their operations. The motor carrier industry publication Transport Topics has continuing coverage of motor carrier technologies, both current and emerging. Their website has a technology section worth reviewing (https://www.ttnews.com/technology14). There is also useful technology discussion in a 2017 article in FleetOwner magazine https://www.fleetowner.com/technology/article/21701619/7-truck-technologies-you-need-and-why13. As with Transport Topics, FleetOwner has a technology section on its website that can keep a reader up to date.
6.1 Fleet scheduling and navigation.
Carriers use ITS and freight management data in managing transportation assets, whether they are a fleet of tractors, intermodal containers, truck trailers, or labor management. The technology and online communications combined with GPS help in maintaining truck location information and combined with other data can be used for not only routing an individual truck on a specific customer order, but identifying and planning the next and later loads to help plan the driver’s day. Carrier scheduling often incorporates transportation navigation services, congestion alerts, and avoidance technologies and data. An important feature of these navigation systems is that they include freight-specific information such as bridge height and route restrictions applicable to trucks, designated truck route, and hazardous materials route restrictions, all things that are not in the passenger vehicle or cell phone-based navigation systems the non-trucking community uses. The services or products include TomTom, PC-Miler, INRIX AI, Trimble MAPS, and PTV. TxDOT’s State of the Practice11 report has useful summaries of these navigation products on p 79-83.
Fleet and terminal manager software systems may be programmed to incorporate feeds from regional or local congestion monitoring portals. At the simple end, dispatchers pass along bottleneck information to drivers; more sophisticated solutions may include dynamic adjustment of trip schedules and strategic shifts in operating policy, such as moving to more nighttime operations. Generally speaking, most drivers no longer need to phone in about delivery or to inquire about the next load; dispatchers or the systems automatically text the relevant information to the drivers. The fleet management software simplifies the dispatcher’s job and keeps the driver better informed of his or her pick-ups and deliveries. The technology is useful in accounting for hours of service, time on duty, mandatory rest stops, and similar Federal regulations on drivers. Some fleet management software has mobile apps for iOS and Android devices for drivers to track their own performance and obtain other pertinent information through a smartphone. Fleet management systems can help in situations where loads travel between terminals and change drivers. Readers who want to know more about how technology has helped with dispatch and vehicle scheduling may wish to read several articles noted below:
6.2 Sensors.
The freight transportation industries have long used cargo and freight condition sensors. Perhaps best known, temperature sensors and recorders improve the quality and accountability for perishable shipments. Pressure and toxic substance sensors enhance the safety of hazardous materials (hazmat) shipments. Accelerometers tied with GPS help ensure that highway impacts and shocks stay within contracted limits, help assign responsibility for problems, and help map problem patterns.
Some truck fleet operators use sensor data for vehicle operating parameters, such as engine revolutions per minute, highway speed, tire pressure, and brake wear. The information helps managers anticipate maintenance problems and reinforce safe and efficient driver behavior.
6.3 Communications.
Vendors developed on-board computers integrated with satellite-based location determination systems. Satellite-based, wide-area telecommunications complemented the location determination capabilities. As cellular phone capabilities and coverage matured, many fleet-oriented ITS tools migrated to dual mode or strictly cellular communications. The computers and communications tools monitored and reported data from on-board sensors for cargo condition, mechanical performance, cargo security, and driver emergencies. All the distributed capabilities were pulled together in centralized fleet management systems, discussed earlier in section 5.5.
A truck with wide-area and long-range capability, including smartphones, can communicate with its base almost any time and from anywhere. A truck with short-range capability such as citizens’ band (CB) radios, can only communicate when within the (short) range of a transmitter/receiver (3 to 20 miles depending on terrain). Because cell phones and mobile apps are so widely available today, truck drivers rarely use their CB radios. That is a significant change from a few short years ago when CBs were a necessity since drivers received road and traffic conditions and law enforcement location information from other drivers. Cell phones can now be used to do the same thing and stay more closely in touch with families as well as dispatchers. There are now many smartphone apps18 (e.g., Waze or Trucker Path) available to truckers to communicate as they did with CB radios. There are apps that can do fleet management types of information exchange, apps to identify truck stop locations or provide alerts for upcoming exits, or even access free audio books. Most drivers have smartphones and more than half use them to keep track of daily business. For additional information about CB radios, readers may be interested in the article at https://www.highlandwireless.com/do-truck-drivers-still-use-cb-radios-to-communicate/19
6.4 Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) technologies.
Several features that are now called ADAS are already available on many new trucks and are increasingly used within the industry. These include adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, and automated emergency braking. These technologies and efforts to increase the application and use of ADAS are discussed in more detail in Section 7.6.
6.5 Truck parking facilitation.
Truck parking was the number one problem among truckers in American Transportation Research Institute’s (ATRI’s) Critical Issues in the Trucking Industry -2020 survey20, and number three overall when all motor carrier respondents were considered; the highest rank in the report’s history. Truck parking demand is tied to a set of factors associated with highway safety, hours of service rest requirements for truck operators, and truck operations in the context of long supply chains. Truck parking shortages exist in most areas but are more acute along major freight corridors and in regions with large amounts of freight generators. The pandemic further exacerbated the parking shortage in 2020, as a number of states closed public rest areas, removing capacity from an already constrained system. Concerns over parking have grown with the use of ELDs to monitor the newly enacted hours of service rules. While technology does not increase the parking capacity, truck parking information systems have been implemented in a number of states to aid drivers in locating available parking, which maximizes utilization of available capacity.
Truck Parking Information Management Systems use ITS to collect and disseminate information on the availability of truck parking. These systems collect data on parking availability with equipment installed in rest areas to detect vehicles occupying parking spaces or counting vehicles as they enter or leave a rest area. This is used to identify available parking and disseminate the information to drivers through State 511 websites, dynamic messaging signs, and smartphone applications. Florida DOT has conducted truck parking availability studies and documents about a Truck Parking Availability System (https://www.fdot.gov/traffic/cvotim/cvo/home21). Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A&M (TTI) has done similar work in parking detection technologies for Texas DOT (https://tti.tamu.edu/researcher/making-space-for-big-rigs-tti-helps-txdot-evaluate-technologies-to-facilitate-truck- parking/22).
There are private systems operated by truck stop operators, private firms, and public agencies. Data for the parking information systems may be sourced from the truck stops, crowdsourced, or sourced from paid parking providers. Individual truckers, or their company dispatchers, can use the available information to plan their routes and reserve spaces in advance. There continues to be public and private introduction of parking apps based on local and regional data about the location of truck parking. There is more discussion of industry-government cooperation in truck parking in section 7.4 and on future research in section 10.4. A three-part article in FleetOwner provides additional information about what technology providers are doing to help address the parking issue:
- Part 123 Tech Providers Aim to Ease Truck Parking Concerns with Real-time Information
- Part 224 Truck Stops Step Up To Combat Parking Crisis
- Part 325 Using Reservations Ensuring Safety Part of Solving Truck Parking Crisis
6.6 Compliance with federal and state safety and customs regulations.
Trucks have on-board sensors and devices to collect operating information that can be used for reporting compliance with hours of service, truck inspections, and monitoring truck safety. They also have the technology for communicating with weigh stations, including the ability to bypass physical inspection locations. Fleet scheduling and dispatching systems for the motor carrier compile the driver operations data which is then used for reporting to state and Federal transportation departments. Chief among these on board devices and a key input to the carrier’s system is the ELD mandated in December 2017. This was briefly discussed in section 5.3 and is discussed in more detail in section 7.3. That section also includes a discussion of the detailed online requirements for carriers to provide import and export information to CBP.
Source: USDOT.
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7. Industry/Government Interactions
This section discusses the various regulatory functions that governments have related to private freight movement, how the government works with the industry, and how technologies and government contributions play a part in those interactions.
Public regulatory interests in motor carriers include the following:
- Safety assurance (safety records, screening, and inspections)
- Special permitting (oversize/overweight (OS/OW))
- Credentials and tax administration (hazmat, licensing, and more)
- Driver authentication (commercial driver’s license (CDL) and biometrics).
Industry and government interests related to the regulatory functions are different and yet compatible as shown in Table 1:
Table 1. Public and Motor Carrier Interests in Motor Carrier Regulation
| Public Business Interests |
Motor Carrier Business Interests |
| Effective use of scarce inspection resources |
Minimizing burdens of regulatory compliance |
| Efficient toll and credential processing |
Reducing potential bottlenecks and lost productive time at inspection stations |
| Quick, reliable exchange of information with other jurisdictions and carriers |
Optimizing safety performance, insurance costs, and customer satisfaction |
Source: Module 6, 2014, Wolfe and Troup
7.1 Truck size and weight.
States must ensure that commercial motor vehicles comply with Federal size and weight standards. FHWA is responsible for certifying state compliance with Federal standards. A number of states have implemented electronic systems that capture information and generate the required permits. According to a USDOT report26 from 2018, at that time 30 states had implemented Automated Permit Systems. Generally speaking, these systems performed the following automated functions:
- Accept, analyze, process, and issue permits
- Issue single trip permits for oversize/overweight (OS/OW) vehicles
- Issue OS/OW permits for width, height, length, and weight
- Operate 24-hours per day, seven days per week
- Operate on behalf of the state, without human involvement
7.2 Truck inspections and weigh stations.
A virtual weigh station is a roadside enforcement facility that does not require continuous staffing and is monitored from another location. Virtual weigh stations27 are established for a variety of purposes depending on the priorities and needs of each jurisdiction. Typical purposes include safety enforcement, data collection, security (e.g., homeland security, theft deterrence), and size and weight enforcement. These sites may use a variety of sensor components to collect data, such as a weigh-in-motion28 installation, a camera system, and wireless communications.
Source: USDOT
7.3 Hours of service rules.
As noted earlier, FMCSA has implemented revised hours of service (HOS) rules and required the use of ELDs to electronically track and record commercial truck drivers’ hours to ensure drivers are operating these vehicles within the requirements. The industry submitted numerous comments to FMCSA as the changes to HOS evolved. The ELDs make reporting much easier and some larger trucking firms, in particular, believe the ELDs give them a competitive advantage13.
7.4 Truck parking management.
State DOTs, as well as USDOT, have done studies and worked together in efforts aimed at improving the truck parking problem discussed earlier in section 6.5. FHWA has played a key role in trying to solve the truck parking problem. Their website has useful information about the extent of the problem and some of the solutions being pursued (https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/Freight/iucture/nfrastrtruck parking/index.htm29). As further described on that website, FHWA helped form a National Coalition on Truck Parking that includes public and private sector organizations with an interest in advancing safe truck parking. The Coalition brings together stakeholders from the trucking industry, commercial vehicle safety officials, state DOTs, MPOs, and commercial truck stop owners and operators, most recently at a virtual meeting30 in December 2020. The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) representative noted that it hopes to perform research through TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program. NCHRP 08-14031 is planned to identify national interoperability standards for truck parking information management systems. AASHTO noted that states are implementing new systems and so need national open source standards on ITS architecture, physical design, location of signage, and interoperability between systems and states. AASHTO will review a series of existing systems from Florida, the Mid-America Freight Coalition Truck Parking Information Management System (TPIMS), and others as case studies to understand future performance and integration of these systems in future technologies.
A representative from ATRI described some findings from an ATRI survey on truck parking that was subsequently published by ATRI in 2021 that indicated that 70 percent of drivers found variable message signs with real time parking information helpful, but they questioned the accuracy of real time information systems. According to ATRI, drivers are willing to use systems, but improvements have to be made to increase utilization. See more details in “Truck Parking Information Systems: Truck Driver Use and Perceptions” ATRI June 2021.32. Studies such as NCHRP 08-140 and other actions of the National Coalition may help further advance the technologies that help alleviate truck parking problems. Future research needs in truck parking are described in section 10.4.
7.5 Freight performance monitoring.
Supply chains are generally private, but trucks operate on public infrastructures with other traffic. State and local governments and law enforcement monitor overall traffic movement. Freight planning at the state or regional level is important so that transportation carriers can do their jobs in a safe and efficient manner. The impacts of freight movement, both positive to a local economy and negative with respect to traffic or fuel consumption or air quality, are important to states and localities and the infrastructure they operate and maintain. The governments are charged with assuring that the road transportation system for passengers and freight can operate. This involves analyzing freight movements at a higher level.
To the freight industry, reliability is of critical importance. Many industries rely on just-in-time delivery. Unreliable freight travel times can increase fuel and driver costs and delay shipments, slowing down efficiency, negatively impacting productivity. Reliable freight movement promotes economic competitiveness and economic growth. To the public sector, freight reliability performance measures help analyze overall freight efficiency on the network, so measures have been developed to track day-to-day Truck Travel Time Reliability (TTTR).
The FHWA Office of Freight Management and Operations promotes freight and sponsors research to improve the performance of the freight system. This includes freight performance monitoring and the identification of bottlenecks on the National Highway System. One of FHWA’s programs for performance monitoring is the Freight Fluidity Measurement project. Freight fluidity refers to the performance of transportation supply chains and freight networks. As reported by FHWA, the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) developed a framework for tracking and measuring a supply chain’s freight performance using travel time, travel time reliability, and cost as its performance metrics. (https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop17029/summary16.htm31). TTI has provided freight fluidity technical assistance to FHWA, numerous states (TX, MD, CO), Transport Canada, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 2019, TTI presented at a TRB freight data workshop an overview of its fluidity work in Texas33. In 2021, TTI developed a guidebook on freight fluidity for the Texas Department of Transportation, titled Implementing Freight Fluidity for Texas and Its Regions. Readers may wish to consult the TTI catalog (https://tti.tamu.edu/publications/catalog/) for a link to this pending report. Also related, TRB conducted a workshop on freight fluidity that is available at https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec240.pdf34
FHWA works with the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) to collect data that can be used for performance monitoring. As part of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act in Title 23 of the United States Code (23 U.S.C. 150), FHWA is required to establish performance measures that states and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) use in their operations and coordinate with FHWA. An example with respect to trucking industry performance is the National Performance Measure to Assess Freight Movement: Truck Travel Time Reliability. This index measures the ratio of the 95th percentile travel time to the 50th percentile travel time. Interested readers may want to visit the FHWA website State Performance Dashboard and Reports, where all the performance reports are located for all states, including the TTTR measure: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tpm/reporting/state/35. More about FHWA’s performance management requirements can be found at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tpm/rule.cfm36. FHWA, BTS, and TRB’s Freight Data Committee work closely together on freight data collection and analysis. The important use of freight data, such as the Freight Analysis Framework (FAF5), is discussed in more detail in section 8.3.
Source: USDOT
7.6 Cooperative industry/government programs.
In conjunction with the American Trucking Association, FMCSA and ITS JPO in 2020 created a joint program37 to promote ADAS in the trucking industry. The program is called Tech-Celerate Now and the joint effort involves “Accelerating the Adoption of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS).” The program surveys trucking industry stakeholders on a regular basis to determine the level of ADAS deployment, serves as an industry resource on available ADAS technology, and provides technical information and video content to spur additional adoption (https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/Tech-CelerateNow)38. The website notes that the four key ADAS capabilities that they believe will improve motor carrier safety are the following:
- Active Braking Systems, including automatic emergency braking, air disc brakes, and adaptive cruise control (ACC) to maintain a preset distance between the truck and the vehicle in front.
- Active Steering Systems, which include lane keep assist, lane centering, and adaptive steering control).
- Active Warning Systems, including lane departure, forward collision, and blind spot detection. These warn the driver of an impending crash through both audio alerts and pulses on the driver’s seat.
- Camera Monitoring Systems, which include in-cab facing driver training, forward facing event recording, and side rear-view for mirrors)39.
The website includes available documents about ADAS for truck drivers, as well as trucking companies.
More generally, USDOT, state departments of transportation, universities, and the motor carrier industry work together to advance freight transportation through involvement in the various freight-related TRB committees including the Urban Freight Transportation Committee, the Intermodal Transportation Committee, and the Freight Data Committee. This includes sponsored research as well as seminars, workshops, and sessions at TRB meetings. Of particular note to the subject of freight ITS are the series of Innovations in Freight Data Workshops as well as trucking-related topics at what is now called Automated Road Transportation Symposiums (the most recent, a virtual event called ARTS21). Presentations and/or reports from annual symposia and workshops are available through TRB’s website40. Many states have government-led programs that work with their local universities, the freight industry, and the Federal government on freight issues. The Texas DOT, Georgia DOT, and Washington State DOT are just three examples of active state programs with numerous public reports on freight issues that add to the available literature. Some of TxDOT’s reports were cited in other sections of this module.
7.7 Military Freight Transportation and Interactions with Industry.
The U.S Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest single customer of commercial freight transportation. Motor carriers contract with the Defense Logistics Agency or the Surface Deployment and Distribution Command or with suppliers to the military. The 1990 Gulf War increased demands for data integration and accessibility for commercial containers carrying military equipment including in-transit visibility (ITV) and total asset visibility (TAV). This led to fielding automatic identification RFID tags to feed data to ITV and TAV. DOD’s initiatives and lessons learned were catalysts that accelerated the spread of RFID applications to commercial logistics management. The programs attempted to tie together information from DOD’s distribution and transportation management systems, including commercial carrier data about events and transactions in the supply chain, updated all the way into the military theater of operations. The need for integrated distribution management only increased in the Middle East wars that followed. While there were improvements that helped DOD manage its military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan, their experience has shown how difficult it is to implement ITV in a large and complex organization. During these military operations, there were increases in needed shipments by commercial carriers either to DOD distribution centers or to military vessels at US ports, including shipment visibility data from the carriers.
7.8 Tracking Government Shipments and Hazardous Materials.
Two government agencies developed and operate systems to track sensitive government shipments. One is the DOD’s Defense Transportation Tracking System (DTTS)41, and the other is the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Transportation Tracking and Communications System (TRANSCOM)42. DTTS monitors shipments of arms, ammunition, and explosives (AA&E), and the TRANSCOM System monitors shipments of radioactive waste and other special nuclear materials. These systems do route adherence monitoring, a special application of asset tracking, and they tie in with commercial motor carriers who transport the sensitive materials. Although there is not a government hazmat tracking system, there are commercial suppliers of such tracking systems which follow USDOT hazardous materials requirements and report incidents as needed. An example can be found at http://www.reltronicstech.com/Hazardous_Material_Tracking.html.43 Site no longer available.) Some urban areas have hazmat routing restrictions for trucks and that information is an important part of truck-oriented routing and navigation software such as Axon Software’s PC-MILER or Omnitracs systems. These truck systems are important because personal auto-oriented navigation systems may not have hazmat restrictions as part of them. There are placarding requirements for hazmat that are part of the PHMSA hazardous materials regulations.
7.9 Land Border Customs Enforcement and Import Requirements.
After 9/11 in 2001, the United States government led international efforts to secure the supply chain when U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) introduced three programs. The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), a voluntary program, continues to promote the adoption of security best practices among shippers, carriers, consignees, and their supply chain partners; CBP reviews corporate security plans and periodically validates (inspects) compliance. The most recent security best practices document44, while not ITS per se, uses all of the communications and computer resources of carriers to meet the best practices. To help facilitate legitimate cross-border trade security, both Canada and Mexico have companion programs to C-TPAT. Canada’s program is called Partners in Protection (PIP) and in Mexico, the program is called Authorized Economic Operator (AEO).
The Container Security Initiative (CSI) “pushed out the borders” with prescreening of U.S.-bound container cargoes at selected originating ports. CSI also initiated the use of ITS-like technologies to automate container and cargo screening with x-rays, gamma rays, and other solutions. Container screening is now conducted both in participating foreign ports and upon arrival in the United States, in part with scanners provided by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to the foreign customs agencies. In addition, all air cargo entering the United States is scanned. (See Module 15 for more discussion of containers at U.S. ports.)
Since 2009, CBP has had an Importer Security Filing requirement, commonly known as “10+2.” The current rule requires ocean carrier importers to provide 10 essential data elements about a container and its contents, and carriers must provide two items (the vessel stow plan and container status messages). Importers must deliver their information at least 24 hours before container loading, and carriers must deliver their information 48 hours after vessel departure for the United States.
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operates the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) Secure Data Portal and EDI Filing required for all imports coming across land borders by motor carriers. The Secure Data Portal is a free, web-based access point designed to connect CBP with trade partners. It uses the standard EDI documents for international trade to help clear the inbound freight. The freight data involved in these imports is a crucial part of motor carrier activities with Canada and Mexico. Managing, processing, and transmitting that freight data has become a business itself as software developers developed and sell programs that meet CBP requirements. CBP publishes a list of software developers45 for truck border crossing documentation, specifically the ACE electronic truck manifest. CBP points out that companies on the list have met CBP’s testing requirements, but that there are other suppliers and inclusion on the list does not constitute endorsement. The automated broker interface (ABI)46 at CBP allows qualified participants to electronically file required import data with CBP. ABI is available to brokers, importers, carriers, port authorities, and independent service centers, and most entries filed with CBP are filed through ABI. As with the software developers noted above, CBP publishes a list of vendors who have been certified by CBP. CBP is currently working to transition cargo processing to the ACE. Progress can be followed on the CBP website at https://www.cbp.gov/trade/automated47.
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8. USDOT Freight ITS Program Support
This section includes a brief discussion of freight initiatives in USDOT with links or references to more detailed information. The section starts with a discussion of completed ITS projects and then described current ITS research and grant efforts.
8.1 Past Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) ITS Programs.
Through the research program administered by USDOT’s ITS JPO, there have been notable connected vehicle and ITS projects that have laid the groundwork for current ITS technologies and provided technology advances for the next generation. From past programs listed in the ITS JPO archive, https://www.its.dot.gov/research archive.htm48, the following freight efforts were included:
- Connected Vehicle Technology
- Truck V2V Research
- Truck V2I Research/Smart Roadside
- Dynamic Mobility Applications
- Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) - Core and Advanced Deployment Program
- Electronic Freight Management
8.1.1 Connected Vehicle Technology. One of the three connected vehicle pilots sponsored by the USDOT ITS-JPO and awarded during 2015, involved truck movements on the interstate highway in Wyoming and a testbed for further V2I and V2V advances. After completing a concept of operations, a 402 mile section of I-80 was instrumented and testing showed that increased coverage of road condition reports, enhanced in-vehicle advisories such as parking, detours, and emergency service notifications, and improved V2V communications of such things as road conditions and posted speeds would be helpful to motor carrier operators and generally improve safety along the corridor, especially during harsh winter months. Numerous reports on the ITSJPO website49 have documented the results and lessons learned. The other two connected vehicle pilots in Tampa and New York City were focused on urban freeway and city street connected operations for all modes.
8.1.2 Truck V2V Research. In the last 5-10 years, USDOT has had an active Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Truck Safety Program that aims to accelerate the development and commercialization of commercial vehicle technologies based on V2V. ITS JPO’s Truck V2V research focused on refining the broad V2V advancements for heavy vehicles, including safety applications and onboard systems for heavy vehicles (see Module 1350, Connected Vehicles, for details about V2V technology). The project began in 2011 and resulted in testing three trucks. The research has highlighted that the previously developed light vehicle technologies and applications can be leveraged for the truck platform. However, there were some truck-specific needs that continued to be studied. This involved refining the V2V basic safety message (BSM) to more accurately define a trailer and be able to transmit this information to nearby vehicles.
In 2014, USDOT held a series of driver acceptance clinics with heavy-truck drivers to gauge their acceptance of collision warning applications using V2V technology. A total of 112 subjects drove trucks towing 53-foot semitrailers through scripted maneuvers on closed courses and rated their impressions in surveys. The results indicated high acceptance in each of five criteria used to define driver acceptance: usability, perceived safety benefits, understandability, desirability, and security and privacy. The Volpe Center further analyzed the data in 2016, as documented in a report Driver Acceptance of Collision Warning Applications Based on Heavy-Truck V2V Technology, DOT HS 812 336, October 2016.
The majority of subjects viewed the system as no more distracting to use than a car radio, nonetheless, they thought it would result in drivers paying somewhat less attention to the road. There was no effect of age on acceptance. Warnings had both auditory and visual components and the combination of the two was preferred to either the visual or auditory components alone, although, for the visual component, some subjects felt uneasy with having to take their eyes off the road to see the screen. The technologies discussed with the drivers included intersection collision warnings (intersection movement assist, or IMA), forward collision warnings (FCW), blind spot/lane change warnings (BSW/LCW), and emergency electronic brake light (EEBL) warnings of hard braking by one or more vehicles ahead. See also https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/812224-heavytruckv2vreport.pdf51.
8.1.3 Truck V2I/Smart Roadside. Public and public-private sector approaches to ITS for freight and cargo operations have typically used vehicle to fixed infrastructure-oriented telecommunications (V2I). Solutions depended generally upon some form of RFID tags on vehicles and reader/writers tethered to specific locations, such as a toll gate or a highway inspection station. Communication distances could vary from several meters to perhaps 100 feet. The Smart Roadside Initiative was introduced in 2008 to develop an overall Smart Roadside concept of operations and prototypes of the applications consistent with the Connected Vehicle program framework. FMCSA and FHWA sponsored four programs and projects for prototype development efforts. These focus areas52 were the following:
- E-Screening involves automatic identification and safety assessment of a commercial vehicle in motion.
- Virtual Weigh Station/Electronic Permitting53 was to develop the foundation for roadside technologies that can be used to improve truck size and weight enforcement.
- Wireless Roadside Inspections involved examining technologies that can transmit safety data directly from the vehicle to the roadside and from a carrier system to a government system.
- Truck Parking Management Information Systems, which helped provide commercial vehicle parking information so that commercial drivers can make advanced route planning decisions.
8.1.4 Dynamic Mobility Applications. The DOT ITS JPO initiated the Dynamic Mobility Applications (DMA) Program in 2009, as part of the Mobility Program to “expedite the development, testing, commercialization, and deployment of innovative mobility applications, fully leveraging both new technologies and Federal investment to transform transportation system management, to maximize the productivity of the system and enhance the mobility of individuals within the system.”
In 2011, the DMA Program concluded Phase I, which focused on data definition, technology application identification, and demonstration planning. The DMA Program began a second phase and partnered with the research community to further develop high-priority transformative concepts and to refine data and communications needs.
- FRATIS - The Freight Advanced Traveler Information System (FRATIS) was piloted for integrating data sources to improve the productivity of freight moves, or drayage, to and from ports. A drayage optimization application combines container load matching and freight information exchange systems to provide real-time information on container status and pickup/delivery appointments at port terminals. A freight-specific dynamic travel planning application includes traveler information, dynamic routing, and performance monitoring elements, including real-time traffic conditions, incident alerts, work zones, weather delays, road closures, routing for hazardous materials, weight restrictions, port terminal queue status and wait times, and real-time speed data from fleet management systems.
USDOT advanced the FRATIS bundle from concept formulation (completed in Phase 1 of the DMA program) to prototype development and small-scale prototype testing by conducting three small-scale prototypes from 2012 to 2015 in Los Angeles, Dallas/Fort Worth, and South Florida. FRATIS provided traveler information, dynamic routing, load matching, and freight information exchange systems to optimize daily operations planning at drayage companies, including establishing connections with existing public (e.g., regional ITS) and private (e.g., terminal queue, appointment times) sector systems. An independent assessment was conducted for the prototypes that documented findings and lessons learned from the three pilots.
What the FRATIS test provided was a proof of concept that advanced information about queue lengths could help dispatchers adjust their truck departures to avoid long queues, and that advanced departure information from dray companies could be useful to terminals in planning their operations. During the time of the FRATIS prototype test in LA, the queue time was the worst in years and inputs from various stakeholders in LA indicated that FRATIS by itself could not actually reduce terminal queue time. While FRATIS was underway, there were important studies about port congestion that explored port congestion, including queue time, in more detail.
- DrayFLEX - As an indication of how ITS research aids future development, there were 2017-2019 follow-up efforts partly funded by USDOT in the LA area to demonstrate and implement FRATIS-related technologies to improve port congestion and drayage operations. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) undertook the FRATIS Modernization project, now rebranded as Drayage, Freight, and Logistics Exchange (DrayFLEX). DrayFLEX builds on the previously mentioned ITS JPO FRATIS efforts to optimize drayage movements, including the exploration of CV technology applications. It will provide freight-specific dynamic travel planning information in order to optimize container movements in and around the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
DrayFLEX will use information from the trucking companies and traveler information systems to provide status updates on container availability, enabling trucking companies to set up automated appointments, and providing truck drivers the best routes to use to and from the maritime ports. Called DrayFLEX-Trip, the mobile app is described at https://www.itscalifornia.org/Content/AnnualMeetings/2021/Session%202%20LA%20Metro%20-%20DrayFLEX%20Alegre.pdf54.
- TIDC - In 2017, as part of a cooperative agreement between USDOT and TxDOT called the Texas Corridor Optimization for Freight (COF) program, FRATIS technology was used to enhance TxDOT I-35 Traveler Information During Construction (TIDC) system. A pilot test was conducted with two trucking firms operating on I-35 to look at improved automated construction delay and closure notifications to drivers. The results of the pilot test were documented in a September 2018 USDOT report titled “I-35 Freight Advanced Traveler Information System (FRATIS) Impacts Assessment - Final Report #FHWA-JPO-18-694.”
8.1.5 CVISN Core and Advanced Deployment Program. Federal, state, and other governmental bodies are concerned about the safe operation of commercial vehicles; efficient, effective administration of credentialing programs; and enforcement of highway weight limits. The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program during the 20002015 period, was USDOT’s central ITS CVO program. CVISN was replaced by the Innovative Technology Deployment (ITD) program at FMCSA which includes safety assistance grants funded by FAST Act. See https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/itd55. CVISN helped spawn at least two successful public-private ITS CVO programs—PrePass and PierPASS that continue to be used by a number of states and carriers to address safety inspections. All major inspection sites in each state use standard formats to report data directly or indirectly to FMCSA.
- PrePass - is an ITS that electronically verifies the safety, credentials, and weight of commercial vehicles at participating state highway weigh stations, commercial vehicle inspection facilities, and ports of entry. The PrePass Safety Alliance, a non-profit public-private partnership of state agencies and trucking industry leaders, administers the program which reduces traffic congestion, improves carrier safety practices, and promotes safer roadways by electronically screening and bypassing only the safest, most qualified fleets. Truck operators purchase a bypass mobile app and an RFID transponder. For up-to-date information about PrePass, see https://www.prepassalliance.org/56
- PierPASS - is a program, started in 2005, at the ports of LA and Long Beach to help relieve port congestion. It started as an off-peak hour incentive and was restructured in 2018 to a two-shift appointment system which helped reduce queues of trucks at the terminal gates. The appointment system involves the 12 marine terminal operators at LA and Long Beach. See https://www.pierpass.org/about/offpeak-2-0/57
8.1.6 Electronic Freight Management. USDOT’s Electronic Freight Management (EFM) Initiative applied web technologies that improved data and message transmissions between supply chain partners. It promoted and evaluated innovative e-business concepts, enabling process coordination, and information sharing for supply chain freight partners through public-private collaboration. The EFM Initiative’s goal was to advance open source solutions for small-and medium-sized users and consisted of non-proprietary open network architectural specifications using Universal Business Language (UBL) standards, publicly-available web services, and a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). EFM focused on automated data exchange among supply chain partners over the Internet. These specifications and standards were used in a series of deployment tests.
- The Columbus EFM project in 2007 was a successful, 6-month deployment test of web services and automated data exchange in an air cargo supply chain of The Limited Brands (LB) from Guangdong province in southern China to Columbus, Ohio. Freight for two of the LB’s business unit supply chains was trucked into Hong Kong, transported via air cargo charters to Rickenbacker Airport in Columbus, Ohio, and then trucked to LB’s distribution centers in Columbus. While the test involved air cargo, the emphasis was on data exchanges and automated status reporting that could be applied to any and all modes as well as to other shippers and the 3PLs that performed logistics services for them. An independent evaluation of the Columbus test showed positive results for all supply chain partners involved, although there was no follow-on implementation of EFM by any of the test participants.
Columbus partners said the most important benefits may be for small to medium-sized shippers and 3PLs who at the time used fax, email, or telephone for the majority of their communications with their supply chain partners and who did not want to assume the costs associated with implementing existing data exchange formats such as EDI; the test partners said conducting the electronic data exchange via EFM should be less costly compared to EDI.
The EFM implementation case studies that were funded and kicked off in 2009 were intended to examine the degree to which the EFM applications could improve the operational efficiency within intermodal supply chains. Each case study documented the cost-effectiveness, long-term viability, and sustainability of the EFM package, as it was modified and implemented within the supply chain. For more information see https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/4036/58
Perhaps what is most important about two of the case studies is that the EFM implementation continued to be operated after the test. In the Interdom-Pride Logistics case study, Pride made EFM its long-term solution. It changed the way Pride does business and the way Pride interacts with its customer (Interdom). In the second example, the case study provided Express Systems Intermodal (ESI) an opportunity for ESI to automate the invoice transaction with one of its more manual dray carriers, Hammer Express.
- The Cross-town Improvement Project (C-TIP) was an effort sponsored by FHWA that was somewhat similar to Electronic Freight Management. Kansas City is the second largest rail hub by tonnage in the nation after Chicago; it has significant volumes of cross-town intermodal handoffs by truck between western and eastern railroads, as well as local deliveries to industry. This activity requires cross-town dray truck trips between railheads and from intermodal terminals to shippers around the region. An initial C-TIP system59 was developed and deployed in Kansas City for a four-month period from October 2010 through January 2011. A deployment test followed in Chicago to assess the potential for truck bobtail move reduction using wireless technologies within several of the C-TIP components.
8.2 Truck platooning.
The 2015 update of this module as well as Module 15 discussed truck platooning. Trucks equipped with cooperative adaptive cruise control and video and radar use V2V communications to control speed and braking as the two or more trucks travel in a convoy. The ITS allows the trucks to travel more closely together, saving fuel and using technology to avoid collisions and thus improve safety. Peleton Technology, Inc. played a lead role in defining this Society of Automotive Engineers (now called SAE International) (SAE) Level 1 (L1) technology 5-10 years ago and received USDOT funding to advance and test the technology. It did pilots in Nevada and a few other places both to advance the technology and to promote a concept of a national operations center that could help identify potential platooning partners.
Meanwhile, governments and truck manufacturers in Europe conducted several on-road tests with as many as six following L1 trucks in a program called Enabling Safe Multi-Brand Platooning for Europe (ENSEMBLE), which also developed specifications for platooning data exchange and operations (see https://platooningensemble.eu/)60.
Source: USDOT
Representatives from the FHWA and ENSEMBLE groups established a twinning arrangement in 2018 that allows the groups to coordinate and exchange information on their parallel research questions. The included consideration of platooning specifications developed by ENSEMBLE for use in U.S. platooning developments. As further described in an ITE Journal article titled “Preparing for Safe and Successful Truck Platooning on Public Roads: Collaboration between the United States and the European Union,” FHWA conducted behavioral interviews and surveys with other drivers about how they perceive single and platooning trucks on U.S. highways. They found that other drivers are largely unfamiliar with the term “platooning” and more often use the term “convoy.” The other drivers reacted favorably to both truck-mounted and roadside signage that indicates a platoon is operating. The results will help governments and the industry in moving forward on truck platooning.
USDOT is sponsoring an L1 platooning field test led by California PATH at the University of California with Roly Trucking company in California where two or three trucks will platoon with real loads in revenue service on I-10 between California and Texas, collecting operations and safety data on the 1,400-mile route during the approximately one year deployment scheduled to begin in March 2022. The deployment will involve 20 different drivers and cross four states. This operational demonstration requires coordination with the state governments involved, will involve operations at night as well as day, and a variety of Southwest U.S. weather conditions. The extensive data collection will include driver-related data about attentiveness and drowsiness and will involve data comparisons with a fourth truck traveling separately with the platoon. The deployment was discussed in several presentations at the Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) ARTS21 virtual symposium and a recent ITS conference in Arizona (Emerging Freight ITS and CAV Developments in the Southwestern U.S. by Mark Jensen September 30, 2021). Future platooning research, including driverless following trucks, is discussed in section 10.2.
Truck congestion map. Source: FHWA.
8.3 Freight information and data sharing.
The Freight Analysis Framework (FAF), produced through a partnership between BTS and FHWA and now in its 5th edition, called FAF561, integrates data from a variety of sources to create a comprehensive picture of freight movement among states and major metropolitan areas by all modes of transportation.
At the heart of FAF5 is the BTS Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) that is compiled every 5 years. The most recent CFS is for the year 2017 and primarily covers the mining, manufacturing, and wholesale sectors. FAF integrates additional data to estimate volumes of shipments from industries that are not covered by the CFS, including foreign trade. The CFS provides the building blocks for the FAF:
- Over 70 percent of FAF5 freight flows by value are directly from the CFS
- Definitions for FAF’s 132 domestic regions
- Standard Classification of Transported Goods (SCTG) commodity coding scheme, used at the two-digit level for FAF, and FAF mode classifications
- Other major data sources for the FAF5 include Census Foreign Trade Statistics, Economic Census data, Department of Agriculture’s Census of Agriculture, Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), National Highway Planning Network (NHPN), Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS), Energy Information Administration (EIA), and other industrial data
FAF5 includes a downloadable dataset with updated origin and destinations for 2017. Through the cooperative work at FHWA and BTS, FAF5 30-year forecasts and FAF5 estimates of truck flows on the highway network and other mapping products are also produced. The FAF5 user’s guide is available at https://www.bts.gov/faf62.
FAF5 is used extensively by state DOTs and researchers and is a basis for some commercial freight movement database products such as Transearch. Although FAF5 covers all of the United States, it is not necessarily at the level of detail that some regional or metropolitan analysts may wish. There are frequent presentations and discussions at TRB Freight Data Committee meetings and workshops of innovative and productive data analyses that transportation researchers have conducted, usually starting with FAF5 or its predecessors. More information about freight data is available at https://www.mytrb.org/OnlineDirectory/Committee/Details/333263; the third Innovations in Freight Data Workshop was completed in September 2021 and included several presentations that, as a minimum, will be covered in printed proceedings of the workshop when published by TRB.
8.4 FHWA Freight Management and Operations program.
The purpose of the program in FHWA’s Freight Office is to “promote the deployment of technology and the adoption of best practices to facilitate the smooth flow of goods on the Nation’s transportation system and across our borders.” There are several key ITS-related programs in addition to various funding programs to aid states and the industry in exploring and demonstrating new technologies:
- Freight Data and Analysis
- Freight Planning, Program Development, and Partnerships
- Freight Flow Modeling System Conditions and Performance Measurement
- Freight Research related to network efficiency and automation
More information can be found at https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/about.htm64.
8.5 FMCSA Commercial Vehicle Safety Research.
Working together with the trucking industry, FMCSA conducts research into smart technologies that support the expanding role of the trucking industry to safely, securely, and efficiently transport the nation’s goods and products and to better understand the causes of crashes. The mission of FMCSA’s Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicles-crashes and enhance the efficiency of truck operations by doing the following:
- Providing data, producing statistics, and conducting systematic studies directed toward fuller scientific discovery, knowledge, or understanding
- Identifying, testing, and supporting technology transfer activities and deployment of CMV safety technologies
Source: USDOT.
Information about FMCSA’s current and past research projects can be found at https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/analysis-research-technology65.
8.6 Current Freight Research Grants.
As part of its Automated Vehicles 3.0, USDOT established the Automated Driving Systems (ADS) grant program to help further develop ADS through test and deployments of ADS vehicles in states and localities. One of those grants was to the state of Ohio and involves testing and then limited deployment of truck platooning with a host motor carrier in Ohio. One of the features of the program was to test ADAS and ADS vehicles on rural roads in Southeast Ohio.
Established under the FAST Act, the Advanced Transportation and Congestion Management Technologies Deployment (ATCMTD) program works to improve the performance of U.S. transportation systems, reduce traffic congestion, and improve the safety of the traveling public. A number of the grants have been awarded to municipalities or regions to address specific infrastructure issues by introducing connected technologies to improve traffic safety and efficiency for all road users. Additionally, there have been some freight-specific grants, shown in Table 2 below. These are not necessarily all inclusive and the reader can see all of the awards at https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/index.htm#atcmtd66. The 2017 Virginia Port Authority project is described in more detail in Module 151.
Table 2. ATCMTD Freight-related Grants
| Grantee |
Freight ITS Topic |
FY of award |
| Virginia Port Authority |
Autonomous Truck Ready |
FY2020 |
| Ohio DOT |
Truck Automation Corridor |
FY2019 |
| Texas DOT |
I-10 Texas Truck Parking Availability System |
FY2018 |
| Port of Oakland |
Freight ITS |
FY2017 |
| Texas DOT |
Texas Connected Freight Corridors |
FY2017 |
| Virginia Port Authority |
Truck Reservation System |
FY2017 |
| Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority |
Freight Advanced Information System to help reduce truck congestion in the ports |
FY2016 |
Source: Derived from information on USDOT website.
The High Priority grant program is a discretionary, competitive grant program to state governments and universities supported by FMCSA and authorized under the FAST Act designed to provide federal financial assistance via Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program grants (MCSAP) to enhance commercial vehicle safety plan (CVSP) activities, maintain innovative technology and/or new project(s) not included in the CVSP that will have a positive impact on truck safety67. Also, the Innovative Technology Deployment (ITD) grant program provides financial assistance to advance the technological capability and promote the deployment of intelligent transportation system applications for motor carrier operations, including carrier operations, commercial driver, and carrier-specific information systems and networks; and to support and maintain carrier information systems and networks.
8.7 SDC transportation data storage and analysis.
One of the purposes of the ADS and ATCMTD grants is to generate transportation data about the innovations being tested which can be made available to other researchers. The USDOT mechanism for storing and providing analysis capability for such data is the Secure Data Commons (SDC), a cloud-based Amazon Web Services (AWS) system with storage and analytics. As more and more projects are completed and data is uploaded to the SDC, there will be more opportunities for others to use the data. Ultimately this is intended to help get the most out of grant funding and to further advance ITS implementation. More information about the SDC is at https://www.transportation.gov/data/secure68.
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9. Benefits of Freight ITS
Every section of Module 6 has touched on some benefits of ITS freight applications. This section pulls together some of the data and themes. It provides a general discussion of benefits to industry, government, and society from freight ITS technology applications, with specific examples or references where available, particularly involving recent research into automated vehicles. The section also includes several references to tools or past work that can be drawn upon when deriving benefits for specific projects or technologies. Of particular note and assistance to readers and project planners, ITS JPO has a webpage devoted to the benefits of ITS (https://www.itskrs.its.dot.gov/benefits69). It lists the following six benefit areas for ITS:
- Safety
- Productivity
- Mobility
- Energy and environmental impacts
- Efficiency
- Customer satisfaction
The ITS JPO page has two freight-oriented topic areas in Commercial Vehicle Operations (93 unique benefits listed with source documents) and Intermodal Freight (28 unique benefits with sources). The sources tend to be past reports or articles about quantified benefits from specific projects.
Another potential tool or resource that readers can access to help them determine benefits is the Tool for Operations Benefit-Cost Analysis (TOPS-BC), developed by the FHWA Office of Operations at https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/plan4ops/topsbctool/index.htm70. TOPS-BC is a sketch-planning level decision support tool. It is intended to provide support and guidance to transportation practitioners in the application of benefit/cost analysis for a wide range of transportation system management and operations (TSMO) strategies. There is a 2013 user’s manual for the tool at https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13041/fhwahop13041.pdf71. Table 3 shows, at a high level, some of the improvements shippers and carriers desire from ITS.
Table 3. Shipper and Carrier ITS Desires
| Improve the information flow throughout the supply chain |
| Support supply chain performance evaluation and continuous improvement |
| Increase return on investment through enhanced efficiencies and cost savings |
| Improve planning for the acquisition and distribution of material goods |
| Support the purchase, scheduling, and rescheduling of required transportation services |
| Identify freight items and packages, pallets, and shipping containers to permit comprehensive in-transit visibility by carriers to benefit their own operations and their customers |
Source: Module 6, 2015 Wolfe and Troup.
9.1 Tech-Celerate Now.
Most of these desires mean better business results for the shipper or the carrier. Return on investment is important for both parties and is measurable. In fact, the Tech-Celerate Now website previously cited has a useful brochure about calculating return on investment for ADAS. It can be reviewed or downloaded a https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/Tech-CelerateNow72. Two excerpts are shown here:
- Forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking costs range from $70 to $316 per vehicle. About one in three crashes are lane departure events, each averaging about $5,300. Reduced crash costs can hold-down insurance costs for private fleets and owner-operators, while self-insured municipal fleets have the potential to reduce crash-related costs that can exceed $100 million per year. Within 3-5 years, fleets of all sizes have reportedly experienced lower insurance raises due to their adoption of ADAS.
- Camera-based mirrors can yield fuel economy improvements of up to three percent, saving thousands per truck per year. (Based on “Cost and Weight Analysis of Heavy Vehicle Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) Systems for Heavy Trucks.” September 2018, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.)
Source: FMCSA
In addition to these examples, the brochure has tables that can be used by those considering ADAS to help calculate return on investment. It also listed some general benefits that could accrue to fleet executives, owner-operators, and company drivers as a result of reduced crashes/injuries and operator liability from the use of ADAS.
- Detect risky driving behaviors
- Improve driver retention
- Prevent collisions and reduce crash severity
- Improve compliance and safety scores
- Lower operating costs
- Improve vehicle maintenance
- Improve shipper and receiver satisfaction
9.2 Safety
Safety is, of course, one of the most important benefits of freight ITS. Particularly the automation applications are intended to reduce crashes or in the event of a crash result in less severe crashes. Since, according to a 2016 NHTSA study, 94 percent of large truck crashes73 are due to human factors, automation holds promise in reducing the number of those crashes. Readers’ attention is also called to a more recent discussion74 of the 94 percent study. The important point is a problem with which technology can help and deliver savings in both human lives and injuries and property damage. Some of the ADAS capabilities can detect risky driving behaviors, warning the driver on the spot, and also potentially making such driver behavior known to carrier management so that corrective training can be provided. Reductions in accidents help improve compliance by motor carriers as well as safety scores that are maintained by FMCSA.
9.3 Productivity improvement
Productivity improvement is the other key benefit area for freight ITS. This includes on-time delivery, reduced operating costs, increased utilization, and lower operating costs. FleetOwner noted that a distribution company using one of the supply chain management ITS products75 saved nearly 1,000 hours per year by eliminating manual check calls to drivers related to arrivals and departures. ADAS, and particularly the more advanced ADS, promise to Increase driver productivity. This should help the trucking companies reduce driver turnover since rather than leading to driver layoffs, automation should improve driver satisfaction, both in the stress of the job and in managing trip planning as well as time off. This may also help relieve the driver shortage because the ADAS or ADS technologies are likely to encourage drivers, especially younger, more tech-savvy people with less commercial driving background or requirement, to apply. As the Tech-Celerate Now brochure indicated, these productivity
improvements can all be accomplished without negatively affecting the profitability of fleet operations or owner/operators or maintenance.
9.4 Texas DOT ITS Benefits Analysis.
TxDOT has some good benefits analysis that can be examined in more detail( Strategies and Conceptual Framework, Dec 2020). Of particular relevance to this module, TxDOT synopsized information about two of the ITS technologies discussed in the module including Truck Parking Availability System (pages 34 and 35) and Freight Traveler Information System (pages 46 and 47). They also defined a series of benefit areas that can help identify benefits that can potentially be calculated:
- Safety impacts, including reduced crashes
- Mobility, including travel time savings and reliability
- Emissions, including reduced fuel used
- Vehicle Operating Costs
- Institutional Benefits
One reason benefits tools such as those mentioned above are useful is that private sector benefits, often regarded as proprietary information, are not as well documented and certainly less available than independently-funded projects with federal participation, such as those discussed in earlier sections. An example is that automation of route planning, route accounting, and customer delivery records helps improve the efficiency of supplier operations and generates benefits such as fewer administrative errors, improved order management, increased sales, improved productivity, shorter billing cycles, and fewer returns. All of this leads to improved shipper and receiver satisfaction.
9.5 Lower fuel and environmental costs.
Electric trucks as well as truck platooning and other ADAS or ADS technologies are expected to reduce fuel consumption and related emissions. Past tests of platooning indicated 4-10 percent reduction in fuel, depending on which truck is counted. Proponents are hoping that electric trucks save on fuel and environmental costs, and reduce maintenance expenses. Forbes magazine described a possible ownership cost76 50 percent less than diesel trucks.
9.6 Previously reported ITS benefits.
The previous version of this module discussed this topic and some quantitative benefit estimates. Since the projects are now completed and most, but not all, of the technologies demonstrated were not implemented operationally after the project was completed, most of that discussion has not been included in this update. However, there are several benefit areas related to the past projects described earlier in section 8 that are summarized here.
Columbus Electronic Freight Management - While the quantified savings in Columbus accrued primarily to the individual supply chain partners, there is a derivative benefit to the shipper or supply chain owner through the long-term use of visibility technologies: it is in the supply chain owner’s interest for its partners to become more efficient. For example, more efficient manufacturers and freight forwarders can provide better service and may be able to reduce their rates to the shipper.
- Shipping Documentation - Reduced stakeholder data entry by 50-75 percent
- Automated visibility data - Improved data accuracy at freight station by 25 percent
- Data accuracy - Improved data accuracy by 25 percent
- Data timeliness - Improvement in data receipt by 6-72 hours
Kansas City Electronic Freight Management - In Kansas City, the supply chain owner was the principal beneficiary and estimated savings in three areas: reduction in outbound backorders by 30 percent because of better incoming inventory receipt information; increase in overseas shipping container space or cube utilization by nearly 4 percent.
FRATIS - The assessment effort and test participants in the FRATIS tests agreed that the use of FRATIS data about traffic conditions and its enhanced dynamic routing capability allows trucks to make routing decisions that decrease the likelihood of crashes. Particularly if hazardous cargoes are involved, using up-to-date and accurate ITS information to find a safer route can have a public benefit as well as improved safety for the driver and cargo. While the FRATIS tests did not quantify trip time reductions or fuel consumption decreases, it was widely agreed by participants that improved management of trucking operations does reduce fuel consumption and decreases air pollution in the areas around terminals and ports.
Major users of these technologies report better integration with their partners and greater supply chain visibility. Several users reported benefits of 20 percent reductions in transportation costs, 20 percent reductions in safety stocks, and 8-15 percent reductions in processing effort.
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10. Future Freight ITS
This section highlights current work in ADS and other ITS as well as electrification for moving freight.
10.1 L4 Autonomous Vehicles.
Widespread use of autonomous trucks must be part of the institutional process currently underway in the U.S. to figure out how autonomous vehicles can be safely integrated into America’s highways and streets. Still, trucking industry experts see autonomous trucks as a partial solution to the driver shortage that currently exists.
Both public and driver acceptance of L4 and higher automation of trucks (human driver involved only when requested) will be needed. The technology companies will continue their efforts and state and local government entities will coordinate and potentially lend a financial hand when they can. Governments want AV technology to be implemented safely and sensibly and NHTSA and FMCSA will continue their roles in regulating and promoting AV safety.
- SAE Driving Automation Levels
- The Society of Automated Engineers established a universal set of definitions of levels of automation for both passenger vehicles and trucks. See https://www.sae.org/blog/sae-j3016-update77. The levels are summarized as:
- Level 0 (L0) - human driver with warnings and momentary assistance only
- Level 1 (L1) - human driver with steering OR braking and acceleration
- Level 2 (L2) - human driver with steering AND braking and acceleration
- Level 3 (L3) - human driver takes over when requested
- Level 4 (L4) - automated under defined conditions, human does not take over
- Level 5 (L5) - automated driving under all conditions
10.2 Trucking ADAS and ADS automation.
ADAS and some limited L3 and L4 automation have been piloted by various technology companies and some of their trucking company allies. The L2 ADAS capabilities, particularly automatic emergency braking and adaptive cruise control, are available on more new motor vehicles but are not yet in widespread use. Several examples point to the promise of the ADS technology.
- In 2016, Uber/ Otto tested the first L4 truck in real-world conditions. Pulling a trailer containing 50,000 cans of Budweiser beer, the L4 truck operated in automated mode while on I-2578 for more than 120 miles, while the truck driver sat in the back sleeper berth.
- Kodiak was a start-up that developed both the automation technology and a trucking company moving freight in Texas. In December 2020, they drove an L4 truck in what they termed a “fully disengage-free day,”79 completing two round-trips in a row, over 800 miles straight on I-45 between Dallas and Houston. Later in 2021, Kodiak announced its plans to move freight on a 273 mile stretch of I-35 in Texas, again L4 with only a safety driver.
- Waymo is working with JB Hunt on I-45 to deliver freight in autonomous mode L4 with two safety drivers, between Houston and Fort Worth.
- In a similar vein, automation company Aurora is teaming up with PACCAR and FedEx to pilot a few L4 trucks in a 500 mile corridor in Texas (https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/22/fedex-to-test-auroras-self-driving-trucks-on-dallas-to-houston-route/80).
Federal involvement in both ADAS and ADS truck automation pilots is discussed in section 8.4. More discussion of ADAS in the industry is at https://www.fleetowner.com/safety/adas/article/21177720/now-is-the-time-to-start-specing-adas81.
10.3 Cooperative ADS and increased truck platooning.
While there have been development and pilot deployments of L1 truck platooning as described in section 6.4, there remain technical improvements and further investigation of locations and routes with a widespread business case. One notable recent demonstration involved the Smart Belt Coalition (states of PA, OH, and MI) and technology firm Locomation who planned and conducted an on-road October 22, 2020 demonstration82 of two-truck platooning, moving food product shipments from PA to various food banks in Toledo, OH and Detroit, MI. An important advance in the Locomation effort was working out the details of regulations and state authorization to operate across state lines (a safety plan in PA and registering their demonstration in OH and MI). At the ART21 symposium, Locomation noted the importance of multi-agency and multi-state cooperation as well as significant public relations about the technology. Some of the cooperation involved data about infrastructure including work zones, locations of excessive curves or grades, and areas with poor pavement markings. Locomation estimates a 30 percent cost savings from the L1 platooning, but did not provide specific calculations.
Most work to date has been at L1 with drivers in both platooning trucks. At the ARTS21 conference, they described two generations of platooning, Generation 1 for both vehicles and Generation 2 for an automated follower truck. Some vendors are looking at automating the follower truck so that it can be driverless, but this has not gotten beyond the conceptual stage.
Locomation and other platooning providers are looking to driverless following L4 trucks, which Locomation refers to as “autonomous relay convoy.”83 The company is working with Wilson Logistics84 toward driverless following trucks, having successfully tested platooning early in 2020 using safety drivers in Locomation tractors pulling Wilson’s trailers back and forth along 420 miles of I-84 from Portland, Oregon to Nampa, Idaho. Even with contracts and tests with trucking companies, larger scale implementation of these technologies will require continued testing as well as the need to address state approvals for such operations as well as solutions to non-technical issues and external influences. For instance, technologies today face serious challenges with certain weather conditions including heavy rain and snow. Also, good infrastructure, lane markings, and signage must all be in excellent condition. Work needs to continue with appropriate testing and sharing of results so that other companies can see how the platoons in pilots functioned. The PATH year-long platooning demonstration, which will include night operation, is to collect and analyze platooning operations data that should help with future improvements of the technology. The Ohio ADS grant will involve L1 and L2 trucking fleet operation and potential platooning on less-than-interstate quality roads.
Source: FHWA.
Another cooperative automation initiative is USDOT’s Cooperative Automation Research Mobility Applications (CARMA) program. Although primarily a program to develop and test open source cooperative automated passenger vehicle software, CARMA has a freight component that is looking to improving port drayage operations as well as automating truck movement in queues at ports and staging areas. The research, which started in 2019, involves one CARMA-enabled Class 8 tractor and trailer and three tractors from FMCSA’s Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Evaluation (ACE) program85 on a test track. After test track operations, the program plans a demonstration at a port to be determined. Once a port is selected, a customized port drayage automation use case and demonstration will take place. More information can be found in an article in the summer 2021 issue86 of Public Roads magazine.
10.4 Truck Parking Availability System.
As previously discussed in section 6.5, there are efforts to further develop and implement systems to assist drivers in finding truck parking. An ATCMTD grant is funding such as development along I-10 in the Southwest that includes enhanced parking data and various data dissemination capabilities for 37 parking sites in the 4-state I10 Coalition. Design, development, and testing work started in 2021 to be completed in 2023 (Jensen, Sept 30, 2021).
10.5 Smart corridor and similar infrastructure.
Building on the successes and lessons learned from the Wyoming connected vehicle pilot and freight planning efforts in Texas, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, among others, more accurate and sophisticated instrumented corridors are likely to be pursued. From a funding and priority point of view, instrumenting highways to provide advanced information about crashes, work zones, or traffic congestion, benefits from the positive impacts it can have on overall motor vehicle traffic in congested areas. There are freight-specific needs such as parking assistance that are needed, but freight traffic can and will benefit from continued initiatives and demonstrations in a growing number of geographic areas in the United States. The connected corridor advances should continue to have safety and traffic improvement benefits.
10.6 Electric Trucks and Electric Charging Stations.
There is growing interest in the motor carrier industry in electric trucks. While there has been some deployment in the smaller delivery vehicles such as UPS and FedEx, electric Class 8 tractors are still under development and being introduced in pilot or small scale runs. Several technology firms have developed and tested electric trucks that show promise. What will be important for future implementation will be less expensive batteries and a wider network of charging stations. The latter issue is being addressed in Federal legislation and stations are becoming more and more widespread.
An interesting event in September 2021 shows the growing interest in electric trucks. Thirteen different electric trucks of varying size and configurations from various companies drove their regular routes for three weeks, measuring their efficiency and operating situations. The principal objective was to reduce carbon emissions. In the views of some observers, it is quite feasible to use electric van/step van, medium-duty box truck, terminal tractor, and short heavy tractor regional delivery market segments (https://runonless.com/run-on-less-electric-demonstrates-co2-saved-with-electric-trucks/87). All of this was part of Run on Less, a program aimed at measuring efficiency in trucking that is a collaboration between the North American Council for Freight Efficiency (NACFE) and the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). https://runonless.com/88. Continued research and implementation of charge stations will increase the feasibility in the longer haul heavy tractor market segment.
10.7 Continued advancement of Last Mile Robotic delivery vehicles.
As noted earlier, e-commerce continues to be a growing part of freight transportation and the truck industry and its customers are working together to solve the first and last mile issues, especially “last mile” delivery which has actually become multi-square mile urban areas. Freight information continues to be critical in e-commerce and there are demonstrations in various cities of robotic technologies to deliver e-commerce parcels. Such delivery systems will continue to be investigated and improved. See a Volpe Center report “Emerging Automated Urban Freight Delivery Concepts: State of the Practice Scan”89. Widespread implementation will need cooperation among tech firms, local governments, and e-commerce providers.
10.8 Artificial Intelligence to enhance supply chains.
Work is likely to continue on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in supply chain management, shipment visibility, and even better communications and interactions between shippers and carriers as well as carriers and their drivers. 3PLs and other providers will continue to adapt and use technology to automate90 the brokering process and shipment tracking progress, including identifying loads to improve network efficiency. Another area of potential supply chain research is blockchain, which is a data structure that identifies and tracks transactions digitally and shares this information from one user to another. USDOT sought input on blockchain’s use in logistics beginning in 2019 and partly funded a study91 that might provide the reader with further insights into the possibilities for additional research into blockchain. Just as smartphone apps have improved operations in recent years, further advances in artificial intelligence need to be investigated and promoted to further improve the supply chain. This will be especially true as e-commerce continues to grow and supply chains become more dispersed and complicated.
10.9 Freight data sharing and coordination.
TRB’s Freight Data Committee with members in USDOT, academia, and industry will continue to explore ways to improve freight data and its usefulness to states and others studying freight problems. At a September 2021 virtual workshop, there was discussion of gaps in freight data, which should become a part of future ITS research. The data gaps noted during the workshop included the following:
- More granular freight data is needed in the FAF to more accurately map freight movements, particularly between regions
- More accurate mapping of truck locations over time
- Additional GPS and related truck location data to study truck parking durations and safety concerns, and forecast future truck parking demand
10.10 Workforce implications of new and emerging technologies.
Another future ITS research area is to further understand and quantify the expected impacts freight automation may have on such issues as driver shortages and driver retention, two issues identified by motor carriers and drivers in ATRI surveys. Automated trucks and related safety improvements and reduction in driver fatigue could assist with driver retention and hiring as the job of a truck driver becomes easier through the use of technology. Research will be needed in retraining requirements for drivers and other freight staff to use and successfully operate automation technology. There will also be new opportunities with new training requirements for technical staff to maintain installed ITS on-board vehicles as its use expands. At a November 2021 TRB webinar, speakers noted that as automation increases, the role of drivers needs to be further examined. Today, drivers do freight-related tasks beyond driving such as unloading and the industry and researchers have not yet dealt with how those functions would be performed in a fully-automated truck. A TRB report will be issued in March 2022 on the subject of automated freight vehicles. USDOT, TRB, and the industry will need to collaborate to facilitate widespread penetration of new technologies as they become available.
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11. Summary
This module explains the differing yet complementary goals and technology strategies of private and public sector ITS freight applications. It describes examples of ITS freight applications and the benefits delivered to stakeholders. Sections highlight industry and government-led efforts to test and deploy ITS freight technologies; they highlight government-funded projects that assessed technologies and catalyzed freight-related industry safety and productivity gains.
Efficient freight transportation of domestic and international shipments of raw materials, intermediate, and finished goods in the supply chain is vital to the U.S. and world economies. Many freight transportation firms, especially motor carriers, focused on efficiency and profitability, have used the latest information and automation technologies; public sector freight-related initiatives used similar technologies to enhance safety regulation and compliance. USDOT agencies (including FMCSA, FHWA, and the ITS JPO) work together with the trucking industry to research and assess smart technologies that can help carriers safely, securely, and efficiently transport the nation’s freight. The Tech-Celerate Now joint venture among these parties is an important and recent example.
USDOT’s cooperative, industry-based ITS freight-related research is a catalyst; it accelerates the industry’s ability to become more efficient and effective, and it enables public agencies to improve safety and regulatory compliance while lessening burdens, especially on the safest and most compliant firms. USDOT incentivizes wider ITS technology exploration and uses through its grant and automation-oriented pilot and deployment programs such as the Wyoming Connected Vehicle pilot, the ADS and ATCMTD grants, and the California PATH truck platooning deployment. To help assure the success of these programs, the private and public sectors work together through industry planning groups and region-based freight planning task forces.
USDOT freight ITS initiatives promoted electronic data exchange and sharing among logistics partners with different systems and objectives. USDOT also provides freight data such as FAF5 which are used by state and local governments as well as university researchers to better understand and promote freight operations as a network, which helps these agencies plan for future freight volumes and the infrastructures that will be needed in the future so that freight and passenger vehicle movements can safely coexist on the nation’s roadways. Freight-related ITS helps the private firms that transport cargo, the state and Federal agencies that regulate safety, and the Federal agencies that ship and manage large amounts of freight now and in the future.
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12. Works Cited
1 ITS JPO ePrimer Module 15: Port Operations 2019. /eprimer/module15.aspx
2 Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals website. 32nd Annual State of Logistics Report 2020. https://cscmp.org/CSCMP/Research/Reports_and_Surveys/State_of_Logistics_Report/CSCMP/Educate/State_of_Logistics_Report.aspx?hkey=cc8f19e1-1e5f-4144-8b32-15a83d821e4a
3 Amazon.in website, “A complete guide on the advantages of e-commerce to business.” June 21, 2021. https://sell.amazon.in/seller-blog/advantages-of-ecommerce
4 Ecommerce-platforms website. “UPS vs. USPS: Which Is Better for Your Ecommerce Store?” September 15, 2021. https://ecommerce-platforms.com/articles/ups-vs-usps-which-is-better-for-your-ecommerce-store
5 Kenco Group website. “2021 E-Commerce Consumer Survey.” https://go.kencogroup.com/2021-ecommerce-consumer-survey (accessed November 2021).
6 Vargo website. “Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Fulfillment” https://vargosolutions.com/news-resources/white-papers/emerging-trends-in-e-commerce-fulfillment/ (accessed November 2021).
7 University of Washington Supply Chain Transportation and Logistics Center. “Common Carrier Locker Systems - Evaluation of Sound Transit Train Stations and Transit-Oriented Development Areas, Phase I (Task Order 3).” June 2018. https://depts.washington.edu/sctlctr/research-projects/common-carrier-locker-systems-phase-i-task-order-3.
8 University of Washington Supply Chain Transportation and Logistics Center Strategic Research Area. Urban Goods Delivery https://depts.washington.edu/sctlctr/research.
9 University of Washington Supply Chain Transportation and Logistics Center. “New Parking App Provides Real-Time Curb Visibility.” https://depts.washington.edu/sctlctr/news-events/announcements/new-parking-app (accessed November 2021).
10 cleo.com. “EDI vs. API: Why You Need Both for Partner Onboarding.” https://www.cleo.com/blog/edi-vs-api (accessed November 2021).
11 Texas Department of Transportation - Texas Freight Network Technology and Operations Plan “State of the Practice Assessment Report:” December 2020. https://ftp.txdot.gov/pub/txdot/tpp/freight-planning/fntop/state-of-the-practice.pdf
12 FreightWaves.com White Paper: “Shipment Visibility Expectations Aren’t What You Think.” June 16, 2021. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/white-paper-shipment-visibility-expectations-arent-what-you-think
13 Marsh, Aaron “7 truck technologies you need (and why).” FleetOwner December 20, 2017. https://www.fleetowner.com/technology/article/21701619/7-truck-technologies-you-need-and-why
14 Transport Topics website - Technology https://www.ttnews.com/technology (accessed November 2021.)
15 Fisher, Josh. FleetOwner, “Transforming the Art of Dispatching” Oct. 4, 2021. https://www.fleetowner.com/technology/article/21175533/technology-is-transforming-the-art-of-dispatching
16 samsara.com. “How Truck Dispatchers Help Keep Your Fleet Running Smoothly.” October 26, 2020. https://www.samsara.com/guides/how-truck-dispatchers-help-keep-your-fleet-running-smoothly.
17 truckstop.com blog. “Best Communication Practices for Your Fleet of 1 or 20 Trucks.” https://truckstop.com/blog/best-communication-practices-for-your-fleet-of-1-or-20-trucks/ (accessed November 2021.)
18 Landstar Agent Blog “Best Apps for Truck Drivers.” https://www.nonforceddispatch.com/best-apps-truck-drivers/ (accessed November 2021.)
19 Highland Wireless Blog. “Do Truck Drivers Still Use CB Radios to Communicate” January 24, 2019. https://www.highlandwireless.com/do-truck-drivers-still-use-cb-radios-to-communicate/.
20 American Transportation Research Institute. “Critical Issues in the Trucking Industry - 2020.” https://truckingresearch.org/2020/10/27/critical-issues-in-the-trucking-industry-2020/.
21 Florida Department of Transportation. “Truck Parking Availability System (TPAS).” http://www.floridatruckinginfo.com/Docspubs.htm (accessed December 2021.)
22 Texas A&M Transportation Institute “Making Space for Big Rigs: TTI Helps TxDOT Evaluate Technologies to Facilitate Truck Parking.”https://tti.tamu.edu/researcher/making-space-for-big-rigs-tti-helps-txdot-evaluate-technologies-to-facilitate-truck-parking/ (accessed December 2021.)
23 Long, Mindy. FleetOwner. “Tech firms aim to ease truck parking concerns with real-time information.” Dec. 29, 2019. https://www.fleetowner.com/operations/article/21119311/tech-providers-aim-to-ease-truck-parking-concerns-with-realtime-information
24 Long, Mindy. FleetOwner. “Truck-Stops-Step-Up-to-Combat-Parking” December 31, 2019. https://www.fleetowner.com/safety/article/21119313/truck-stops-step-up-to-combat-parking-crisis">https://www.fleetowner.com/safety/article/21119313/truck-stops-step-up-to-combat-parking-crisis.
25 Long, Mindy. FleetOwner. “Using reservations, ensuring safety part of solving truck parking crisis.” January 2, 2020. https://www.fleetowner.com/safety/article/21119314/using-reservations-ensuring-safety-part-of-solving-truck-parking-crisis.
26 Federal Highway Administration website. Leidos Final Report, “Best Practices in Permitting Oversize and Overweight Vehicles.” February 2018. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop17061/fhwahop17061.pdf
27 Federal Highway Administration website. Cambridge Systematics Final Report, “Concept of Operations of virtual weight station.” June 2009. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop09051/virtual_weigh_stn.pdf.
28 FHWA Noteworthy Practice. “Virtual Weigh Stations and Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Technology in Maryland and New York.” September 2017. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop17059/fhwahop17059.pdf.
29 Federal Highway Administration Office of Operations - Truck Parking https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/Freight/infrastructure/truck_parking/index.htm (accessed November 2021.)
30 Federal Highway Administration website. “National Coalition on Truck Parking Summary of Proceedings December 1, 2020.” https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/infrastructure/truck_parking/workinggroups/web_conf/mtg/nctptpwnmtg12012020.pdf.
31 Transportation Research Board website. 2021 RFP summary “National Design and Interoperability Standards for Truck Parking Information Management Systems.” NCHRP 08140 https://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=4951.
32 Murray, Daniel and Alexandra Shirk. “Truck Parking Information Systems: Truck Driver Use and Perceptions,” ATRI. June 2021.
32 Federal Highway Administration Office of Operations. Freight Fluidity accessed November 2021 https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop17029/summary16.htm.
33 Eisele, William. “Implementing Freight Fluidity in Texas.” Presentation to TRB Innovations in Freight Data Form. March 2019. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2019/FreightData/FreightFluidityInteractiveEisele.pdf.
34 Transportation Research Board Circular E-C240, “Workshop on Implementing a Freight Fluidity Performance Measurement System.” November 2018. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec240.pdf.
35 Federal Highway Administration website. Transportation Performance Management State Performance Dashboard and Reports. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tpm/reporting/state/ (accessed November 2021.)
36 Federal Highway Administration website. Transportation Performance Management Rulemakings. (accessed November 2021.) https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tpm/rule.cfm.
37 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Research and Analysis website. - Tech-Celerate Now. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/Tech-CelerateNow (accessed November 2021).
38 Tech-Celerate Now website. https://www.tech-celeratenow.org/ (accessed November 2021; site no longer available).
39 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Notice of Enforcement Discretion: Temporary Exclusion from Truck Length and Width Limitations. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/sw/pdf/EnforcementDiscretion.CMS.010821.pdf.
40 Transportation Research Board website. https://www.nationalacademies.org/trb/transportation-research-board (accessed November 2021.)
41 U.S. Army SDDC website. Defense Transportation Tracking System. https://www.sddc.army.mil/SitePages/Home.aspx (accessed November 2021).
42 U.S. Department of Energy TRANSCOM website. What is TRANSCOM? https://tcc.transcom.energy.gov/ (accessed November 2021).
43 Reltronics Technologies website. Hazardous Materials Tracking. http://www.reltronicstech.com/Hazardous_Material_Tracking.html. (accessed November 2021; site no longer available).
44 Department of Homeland Security CBP website. CTPAT Best Practices Framework 2021. July 23, 2021. https://www.cbp.gov/document/guidance/ctpat-best-practices-framework-2021.
45 Department of Homeland Security CBP website. ACE Electronic Truck Manifest Software Developers. July 21, 2020. https://www.cbp.gov/document/guidance/ace-electronic-truck-manifest-software-developers
46 Department of Homeland Security CBP website. ABI Software Vendors List. June 17, 2021. https://www.cbp.gov/document/guidance/abi-software-vendors-list
47 Department of Homeland Security CBP website - ACE and Automated Systems https://www.cbp.gov/trade/automated (accessed November 2021).
48 Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office website. ITS Deployment. https://www.its.dot.gov/research archive.htm (accessed November 2021).
49 Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office website. - Current Research. https://www.its.dot.gov/research_current.htm (accessed November 2021).
50 Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office ePrimer Module 13: Connected Vehicles. October 2021. /eprimer/module13.aspx
51 United States Department of Transportation Volpe Center. “Independent Evaluation of Heavy-Truck Safety Applications Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications Used in the Safety Pilot Model Deployment.” January 2016. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/812224-heavytruckv2vreport.pdf.
52 Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office website. Smart Roadside fact sheet. 2014. https://www.its.dot.gov/factsheets/pdf/Smart%20Roadside.pdf.
53 FHWA Report “Construction of e-Permit/VWS Model Sites.” https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop18016/fhwahop18016.pdf.
54 DrayFLEX-Trip website. Los Angeles METRO. https://www.itscalifornia.org/Content/AnnualMeetings/2021/Session%202%20LA%20Metro%20-%20DrayFLEX%20Alegre.pdf (accessed November 2021).
55 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration website. Innovative Technology Deployment (ITD) Program. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/itd (accessed November 2021).
56 PrePass Safety Alliance website. https://www.prepassalliance.org/ (accessed November 2021).
57 PierPass website. Off Peak 2.0. July 25, 2019. https://www.pierpass.org/about/offpeak-2-0/.
58 United States Department of Transportation Research and Open Science Portal. “Electronic Freight Management Case Studies: a Summary of Results.” April 1, 2012. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/4036/.
59 Butler, Randy. USDOT presentation. January 20, 2010. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4449109/.
60 ENSEMBLE Public Demonstration. September 21, 2021. https://platooningensemble.eu/.
61 United States Department of Transportation website. Freight Analysis Framework Version 5. https://faf.ornl.gov/faf5/ (accessed Nov 2021).
62 United States Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics website. Freight Analysis Framework. August 18, 2021. https://www.bts.gov/faf.
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64 Federal Highway Administration Operations website, About Us. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/about.htm (accessed November 2021).
65 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration website Analysis Research Technology. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/analysis-research-technology (Accessed November 2021).
66 Federal Highway Administration website. Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act or “FAST Act.” https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/index.htm#atcmt (accessed November 2021).
67 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration website. High Priority (HP) Gran. - Overview. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/grants/mcsap-high-priority-grant/motor-carrier-safety-assistance-program-mcsap-high-priority-grant (accessed November 2021).
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71 Federal Highway Administration. “Operations Benefit/Cost Analysis TOPS-BC User’s Manual.” June 2013. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13041/fhwahop13041.pdf.
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74 Kostelec, Don. “The 94% Error: We Need to Understand the True Cause of Crashes.” Streetsblog USA. October 14, 2020. https://usa.streetsblog.org/2020/10/14/the-94-solution-we-need-to-understand-the-causes-of-crashes/.
75 Fisher, Josh. “Transforming the art of dispatching.” FleetOwner. October 4, 2021. https://www.fleetowner.com/technology/article/21175533/technology-is-transforming-the-art-of-dispatching.
76 Marcacci, Silvio. “Cheap Batteries Could Soon Make Electric Freight Trucks 50% Cheaper To Own Than Diesel.” Forbes magazine. March 16, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2021/03/16/plummeting-battery-prices-mean-electric-freight-trucks-could-be-50-cheaper-to-own-than-diesel/?sh=ab57ab7418c3.
77 Society of Automotive Engineers Blog. “SAE Levels of Driving Automation™ Refined for Clarity and International Audience.” May 3, 2021. https://www.sae.org/blog/sae-j3016-update.
78 Davies, Alex. “Uber’s Self-Driving Truck Makes Its First Delivery: 50,000 Beers.” Wired magazine. October 26, 2016. https://www.wired.com/2016/10/ubers-self-driving-truck-makes-first-delivery-50000-beers/.
79 Baker, Linda. “Kodiak Robotics hits milestone in driverless trucking (with video).” FreightWaves. January 11, 2021. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/kodiak-robotics-hits-milestone-in-driverless-trucking.
80 Korosec, Kristen. “FedEx-to-Test-Aurora’s-Self-driving-Trucks-on-Dallas to Houston Route.” TechCrunch. September 22, 2021. https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/22/fedex-to-test-auroras-self-driving-trucks-on-dallas-to-houston-route/.
81 Gaskins, Patrick. “Now is the time to start spec’ing ADAS.” Fleet Owner. October 7, 2021. https://www.fleetowner.com/safety/adas/article/21177720/now-is-the-time-to-start-specing-adas.
82 “Multi-State Coalition Tests Truck Platooning” AASHTO Journal. October 30, 2020. https://aashtojournal.org/2020/10/30/multi-state-coalition-conducts-highway-testing-of-truck-platooning/.
83 “Locomation Adds PGT Trucking to Its Autonomous Convoy.” Transport Topics. June 16, 2021. https://www.ttnews.com/articles/locomation-adds-pgt-trucking-its-autonomous-convoy.
84 Gilroy, Roger. “Locomation, Wilson Logistics Partner to Deploy Autonomous Technology.” Transport Topics. October 1, 2020. https://www.ttnews.com/articles/locomation-wilson-logistics-partner-deploy-autonomous-technology.
85 FMCSA website. ACE Program: Inspection Demonstrations and Evaluations. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/ace-program-inspection-demonstrations-and-evaluations (accessed November 2021).
86 Hyungjun Park, Kirk Claussen. CARMASM: Maritime Administration CDA Development and Testing FHWA Public Roads. Summer 2021. https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/summer-2021/carmasm-maritime-administration-cda-development-and-testing.
87 Run on Less website. “Real-World Study Shows That Certain Trucking Segments Are Ready To Go Electric And Save 100 Million Metric Tons Of CO2.” November 2021. https://runonless.com/run-on-less-electric-demonstrates-co2-saved-with-electric-trucks/.
88 Run on Less website. November 2021. https://runonless.com/.
89 United States Department of Transportation Volpe Center. November 2020. “Emerging Automated Urban Freight Delivery Concepts: State of the Practice Scan.” https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/53938/dot_53938_DS1.pdf.
90 Convoy White Paper. “Supply Chain Visibility and the Digital Freight Network.” https://go.convoy.com/rs/603-YLV-308/images/SCV_DFN_May_2020.pdf.
91 Kruse and Villa Texas A&M Transportation Institute. “Analysis of Blockchain’s Impacts on and Applicability to the Maritime Industry.” May 2019 to August 2020. https://martrec.uark.edu/research/completedprojects/tti_blockchain_final_accessible.pdf.
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13. Additional Resources
Texas A&M Transportation Institute. July 2018. “100 Most Congested Roadways in Texas.” https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/TTI-2018-7.pdf.
United States Department of Transportation. “I-35 Freight Advanced Traveler Information System (FRATIS) Impacts Assessment” - Final Report. #FHWA-JPO-18-694. September 2018.
World Economic Forum. January 2020. “The Future of the Last-Mile Ecosystem.”
Heavy Duty Truck website. “Locomation Uses Automated Platoon for Food Bank Deliveries.” October 28, 2020. https://www.truckinginfo.com/10129138/locomation-uses-automated-platoon-for-food-bank-deliveries.
Ryder System, Inc. January 21, 2020 blog. “Transforming disruption to create the Future of Logistics Today”
Hurtado, Jorge. January 2021. “Automated logistics: The future of freight.” Prescouter.
Bishop, Richard. January 13, 2021. FHWA Talking Freight Webinar presentation. “Current State of Truck Automation.”
Murray, Daniel. January 13, 2021. FHWA Talking Freight Webinar presentation. “Industry Perspectives on Automated Trucks.”
Park, Hyungjun. January 13, 2021. FHWA. Talking Freight Webinar presentation. “Truck Platooning Early Deployment Assessment.”
George, Dave. “Future communications for commercial truck fleets.” May 4, 2021. Commercial Carrier Journal.
Burnell, Tamiko. June 2021. “The State of Urban Freight: Focus on Freight Mobility and Logistics in Metropolitan Areas,” presentation.
“Waymo and J.B. Hunt. June 10, 2021. Partner to bring autonomous trucks to Texas in new pilot.” TechCrunch.
“Industry, Regulators Target Higher Adoption Rates for Onboard Safety Technologies.” Transport Topics. July 6, 2021.
Geller, Avi “Accelerated digital transformation efforts a driving force of fleet optimization” Commercial Carrier Journal July 7, 2021
mpo.com. “Making the Case for Optimizing Logistics.” Downloaded October 3, 2021.
Ryder System and Georgia Tech Mobility Lab. October 27, 2021. “The Impact of Autonomous Trucking: A Case-study of Rider’s Dedicated Transportation Network.”
Federal Highway Administration website. “State Performance Dashboard and Reports.” https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tpm/reporting/state/ (accessed November 2021).
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United States Department of Transportation
